, Figure A7 -Patents related to Upstream Technologies by Company, 1984.

V. Acha, Research Fellow, 2003.

P. Delaittre, , 2003.

J. Dooley, , 2004.

G. Kieburtz, SPE (15) Presentation at IFP, Technology Positioning Manager, Shell Exploration and Production Technology Centre, 2003.

C. Luca, L. Meesters, . Van-den, and P. Bogert, Shell Exploration and Production Technology Centre, SVP Strategy, Development and Research, issue.2, 2003.

R. Nabil, Scientific Support Manager, VP Technology, Total E&P, 2003.

C. Valenchon, Saipem (an oilfield construction firm, part of the ENI group, a highly integrated oil firm, VP Technology Development, 2003.

I. Wilson, Systems and Resources Manager, ENSCO Services (the UK subsidiary of ENSCO International Inc., an offshore drilling, 2003.

V. Acha, Framing the past and future: The development and deployment of technological capabilities by the oil majors in the upstream petroleum industry, 2002.

D. M. Amidon, The Challenge of Fifth Generation R&D, Research-Technology Management, vol.Institute, 1996.

. Anonymous, The Corporate R&D Scoreboard, Technology Review, 2002.

. Anonymous, The £1 billion supply chain challenge, Offshore Technology, vol.7, 1999.

. Anonymous, Strategies in oil and gas technology reviewed by EC report, 1997.

B. Bourgeois and . Le, co-évolution entre changements techniques et organisationnels », Revue de l'Energie, 1999.

B. Bourgeois and V. Jacquier-roux, « La dynamique des activités technologiques dans les industries de l'énergie pendant la décennie quatre-vingt-dix, 2002.

R. Bresser, . Kf, . Heuskel, . Dieter, R. Nixon et al., The deconstruction of integrated value chains, Bresser, 2000.

, R&D Scoreboard, Business Week International, 1980.

C. Associates, E&P Technology Management, 2003.

, Company annual and quarterly accounts (accompanying annual and quarterly reports and as SEC 10K, 10Q and 20F forms)

J. Dooley, Collecting and analyzing data on Energy R&D" and other pages

, Performance profiles of major energy producers

M. Fagan, Resource Depletion and Technical Change: Effects on U.S. Crude Oil Finding Costs from 1977 to 1994, The Energy Journal, vol.18, issue.4, 1997.

, Accounting for Research and Development costs, Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 1974.

, Disclosures about oil and gas producing activities, Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), vol.69, 1982.

D. E. Gaddy, Downturn hobbling upstream technology R&D, Oil & Gas Journal, vol.97, issue.13, 1999.

, Collaboration important to E&P research, GasTIPS, Gas Technology Institute, 2002.

H. Goldstein and R. Hira, Spectrum R&D 100, IEEE Spectrum, 2004.

. Halliburton-energy and . Services, Oilfield service company focuses R&D program on technical challenges identified by users, America's Independent, supplement to Oil & Gas Investor, 2003.

, summary available online at www.iasb.org International Energy Agency (IEA) R&D database, International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), 2004.

V. Jacquier-roux and B. Bourgeois, New Networks of Technological Creation in Energy Industries: Reassessment of the Roles of Equipment Suppliers and Operators, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol.14, issue.4, 2002.

R. Jonkman and . De-waal, Method helps quantify benefits of applying new upstream technology, Oil & Gas Journal, 2001.

A. Koen, Independents apply new tools to US energy supply challenge, America's Independent, supplement to Oil & Gas Investor, 2001.

R. N. Kostoff, Science and Technology Roadmaps, Office of Naval Research, 1997.

B. Loth, N. P. Brown, and G. Glass, Reorganization impacts upstream technology, Oil & Gas Journal, vol.97, issue.3, 1999.

S. M. Oster, Modern Competitive Analysis, 1999.

B. L. Petersen, Petroleum industry R&D performance: an analysis, Policy Analysis Department, Discussion Paper #019, 1980.

M. E. Porter, Technology and Competitive Advantage, Journal of Business Strategy, 1985.

T. Robinson, Creating Financial Solutions for Producers, supplement to Oil & Gas Investor, 1994.

S. Barney, The E&P Spending Survey, Equity Research (Global, oilfield equipment and services), 2001.

S. Barney, Equity Research (United States, oilfield equipment and services), The E&P Spending Survey, 2002.

N. Sanderson, Research aims at lowering costs to make new discoveries economic, Oil & Gas Journal, 2002.

-. J. Ceg-15, R. Karnik, D. Baker, and . Perruchet, Les compagnies pétrolières : 1973-1993, vingt ans après, 1993.

, Environnement et élasticités de substitution dans l'industrie ; méthodes et interrogations pour l'avenir, 1993.

. E. Ceg-17 and . Delafosse, Pays en développement et enjeux gaziers : prendre en compte les contraintes d'accès aux ressources locales. Octobre, 1993.

. L'-industrie-du-raffinage-dans-le-golfe-arabe, en Asie et en Europe : comparaison et interdépendance. Octobre, 1993.

, L' apport de la théorie économique à la définition d' externalité, 1994.

. M. Ceg-20 and . Cadren, Analyse économétrique de l' intégration européenne des produits pétroliers : le marché du diesel en Allemagne et en France, 1994.

. J. Ceg-21, J. Karnik, and *. Masseron, , 1995.

. J. Ceg-22, D. Favennec, and . Babusiaux, , 1995.

. D. Ceg-23, S. Babusiaux, and . Yafil, * Relations entre taux de rentabilité interne et taux de rendement comptable, 1995.

. D. Ceg-24, J. Babusiaux, and *. Jaylet,

, Calculs de rentabilité et mode de financement des investissements, vers une nouvelle méthode ?, Juin, 1996.

. J. Ceg-25, J. Cueille, and . Masseron, * Coûts de production des énergies fossiles : situation actuelle et perspectives, Juillet, 1996.

. J. Ceg-26, E. Cueille, and . Jourdain, Réductions des externalités : impacts du progrès technique et de l' amélioration de l' efficacité énergétique, 1997.

. J. Ceg-27, E. Cueille, and . Santos, Approche évolutionniste de la compétitivité des activités amont de la filière pétrolière dans une perspective de long terme, 1997.

. C. Ceg-28, J. P. Baudouin, and . Favennec, Marges et perspectives du raffinage, 1997.

. P. Eco-43 and . Copinschi, Stratégie des acteurs sur la scène pétrolière africaine (golfe de Guinée)