M. A. Shost, M. C. Lai, B. Befrui, P. Spiekermann, and D. L. Varble, GDi Nozzle Parameter Studies Using LES and Spray Imaging Methods, SAE Paper, pp.2014-2015
DOI : 10.4271/2014-01-1434

T. Kim and S. Park, EFFECTS OF SPRAY PATTERNS ON THE MIXTURE FORMATION PROCESS IN MULTI-HOLE-TYPE DIRECT INJECTION SPARK IGNITION (DISI) GASOLINE ENGINES, Atomization and Sprays, vol.26, issue.11, pp.1-37, 2015.
DOI : 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2015013725

B. He, J. Wang, J. Hao, X. Yan, and J. Xiao, A study on emission characteristics of an EFI engine with ethanol blended gasoline fuels, Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, issue.7, pp.949-957, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00973-1

M. Zhang, M. C. Drake, and K. Peterson, Simultaneous High-Speed Imaging of Fuel Spray, Combustion Luminosity, 400 and Soot Luminosity in a Spray-Guided Direct Injection Engine With Different Multi-Hole Fuel Injectors, Proceedings of the ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference ICEF2013, 2013.

S. Lee and S. Park, Spray atomization characteristics of a GDI injector equipped with a group-hole nozzle, Fuel, vol.137, pp.50-59, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.063

N. I. Kolev, Fragmentation and coalescence dynamics in multiphase flows, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol.6, issue.3, pp.211-251, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0894-1777(93)90065-Q

M. Krämer, E. Kull, M. Heldmann, and M. Wensing, Investigations on Gasoline Spray Propagation Behaviour Characteristic for Multihole Injectors, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2014-2015, 2014.
DOI : 10.4271/2014-01-2732

J. Lee, K. Nishida, and M. Yamakawa, An Analysis of Ambient Air Entrainment into Split Injection D.I. Gasoline Spray by LIF-PIV Technique, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2002-2003, 2002.
DOI : 10.4271/2002-01-2662

D. W. Morris, P. J. Bowen, and S. Kwon, Influence of ambient pressure on transient air-assist automotive fuel 415 sprays, pp.610-631, 2003.

A. Arbeau, R. Bazile, and G. Charnay, A New Application of the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) to the Air Entrainment in Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2004-2005, 2004.
DOI : 10.4271/2004-01-1948

G. Zhang and D. L. Hung, Temporal investigations of transient fuel spray characteristics from a multi-hole injector using dimensionless analysis, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol.66, pp.150-159, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.03.011

J. Serras-pereira, Z. Van-romunde, P. G. Aleiferis, D. Richardson, S. Wallace et al., Cavitation, primary break-up and flash boiling of gasoline, iso-octane and n-pentane with a real-size optical direct-injection nozzle, Fuel, vol.89, issue.9, pp.2592-2607, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.03.030

J. Lacey, F. Poursadegh, M. J. Brear, R. Gordon, P. Petersen et al., Generalizing the behavior of flash-boiling, plume interaction and spray collapse for multi-hole, direct injection, Fuel, vol.200, p.425, 2017.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.03.057

M. Furuyama, A Visualization of Spray of Gasoline Injection, SAE Technical Paper Series, p.901606, 1990.
DOI : 10.4271/901606

V. Sick, M. C. Drake, and T. D. Fansler, High-speed imaging for direct-injection gasoline engine research and development, Experiments in Fluids, vol.47, issue.4, pp.937-947, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00348-010-0891-3

R. Payri, J. García, F. Salvador, and J. Gimeno, Using spray momentum flux measurements to understand the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on spray characteristics, Fuel, vol.84, issue.5, pp.551-561, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2004.10.009

R. Payri, J. Gimeno, P. Marti-aldaravi, and D. Vaquerizo, Momentum Flux Measurements on an ECN GDi Injector, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2015-2016, 2015.
DOI : 10.4271/2015-01-1893

J. M. Nouri and J. H. Whitelaw, Spray characteristics of a gasoline direct injector injector with short durations of injection, Experiments in Fluids, vol.31, issue.4, pp.377-383, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s003480100302

G. Wigley, M. S. Goodwin, and G. Pitcher, Fuel breakup and atomization in the near nozzle region of a GDI injector, pp.610-629, 2003.

N. Mitroglou, J. M. Nouri, Y. Yan, M. Gavaises, and C. , Arcoumanis, Spray Structure Generated by Multi-Hole Injectors for Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines, SAE Paper, pp.2007-2008, 2007.
DOI : 10.4271/2007-01-1417

J. Manin, Y. Jung, S. Skeen, L. M. Pickett, S. E. Parrish et al., Experimental Characterization of DI Gasoline Injection Processes, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2015-2016, 2015.
DOI : 10.4271/2015-01-1894

L. M. Pickett, J. Manin, R. Payri, M. Bardi, and J. Gimeno, Transient Rate of Injection Effects on Spray Development, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2013-2013, 2013.
DOI : 10.4271/2013-24-0001

M. Yamakawa, S. Isshiki, J. Lee, and K. Nishida, 3-D PIV Analysis of Structural Behavior of D.I. Gasoline Spray, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2001-2002, 2001.
DOI : 10.4271/2001-01-3669

G. Rottenkolber, J. Gindele, J. Raposo, K. Dullenkopf, W. Hentschel et al., Spray analysis of a gasoline direct injector by means of two-phase PIV, Experiments in Fluids, vol.32, issue.6, pp.710-721, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00348-002-0441-8

M. Yamakawa, D. Takaki, T. Li, Y. Zhang, and K. Nishida, Quantitative measurement of liquid and vapor phase 450 concentration distributions in a d.i. gasoline spray by the laser absorption scattering (las) technique, SAE Technical Paper, pp.2002-2003, 2002.

F. Beyrau, A. Brauer, T. Seeger, and A. Leipertz, Gas-phase temperature measurement in the vaporizing spray of a gasoline direct-injection injector by use of pure rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, Optics Letters, vol.29, issue.3, pp.247-249, 2004.
DOI : 10.1364/OL.29.000247

J. Coz and L. Hermant, Quantification of fuel concentrations and estimation of liquid/vapor ratios in direct injection sprays by laser-induced fluorescence, SAE Technical Paper, pp.2001-2002, 2001.

J. Coz, C. Lemenand, and G. Bruneaux, Gasoline injection and spray combustion in a cell with conditions typical of direct injection engines, SAE Technical Paper, pp.2003-2004, 2003.

M. A. Attar, M. R. Herfatmanesh, H. Zhao, and A. Cairns, Experimental investigation of direct injection charge cooling in optical GDI engine using tracer-based PLIF technique, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol.59, pp.96-108, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.07.020

P. Rogler, R. Grzeszik, S. Arndt, and M. Aigner, 3D analysis of vapor and liquid phase of GDI injectors using laser induced exciplex fluorescence tomography in a high pressure/high temperature spray chamber, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2007-2008, 2007.
DOI : 10.4271/2007-01-1827

S. Alfuso, L. Allocca, F. E. Corcione, G. Valentino, and G. Caputo, Droplets size and velocity in a gdi spray by pda and laser light extinction techniques, SAE Technical Paper, pp.2001-2002, 2001.

G. Wigley, M. Goodwin, G. Pitcher, and D. Blondel, Imaging and PDA analysis of a GDI spray in the near-nozzle region, Experiments in Fluids, vol.36, issue.4, pp.565-574, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00348-003-0690-1

N. Mitroglou, J. M. Nouri, and M. Gavaises, Spray Characteristics of a Multi-hole Injector for Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines, International Journal of Engine Research, vol.7, issue.3, pp.255-270, 2006.
DOI : 10.1243/1468087011545370

P. G. Aleiferis, J. Serras-pereira, Z. Van-romunde, J. Caine, and M. Wirth, Mechanisms of spray formation and combustion from a multi-hole injector with E85 and gasoline, Combustion and Flame, vol.157, issue.4, pp.735-756, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.12.019

Y. Li, H. Guo, X. Ma, J. Wang, and H. Xu, Droplet dynamics of DI spray from sub-atmospheric to elevated ambient pressure, Fuel, vol.179, pp.25-35, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.03.047

M. Lai, Y. Zheng, M. Shost, X. Xie, A. Matsumoto et al., Characterization of Internal flow and Spray of Multihole DI Gasoline Spray using X-ray Imaging and CFD, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2011-2012, 2011.
DOI : 10.4271/2011-01-1881

L. Allocca, S. Dabagov, D. Hampai, L. Marchitto, and S. Alfuso, Tomography of a GDI Spray by PolyCO Based 480 X-Ray Technique, Proceedings of the ICE2013 11th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles, pp.2013-2037, 2013.

L. Marchitto, S. B. Dabagov, L. Allocca, D. Hampai, A. Liedl et al., X-ray tomography of high pressure fuel spray by polycapillary optics Advances in X-RayEUV Optics and Components VIII GDI spray structure analysis by polycapillary X-ray -tomography, Proc. of SPIE, SPIE Int. J. Multiphas. FlowC), vol.70, pp.884808-485, 2013.

A. Kastengren and C. F. Powell, Synchrotron X-ray techniques for fluid dynamics, Experiments in Fluids, vol.703, issue.4, pp.2014-1686
DOI : 10.1017/jfm.2012.249

A. L. Kastengren, F. Tilocco, D. Duke, C. Powell, X. Zhang et al., TIME-RESOLVED X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY OF SPRAYS FROM ENGINE COMBUSTION NETWORK SPRAY A DIESEL INJECTORS, Atomization and Sprays, vol.24, issue.3, pp.251-272, 2014.
DOI : 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2013008642

J. P. Viera, R. Payri, A. B. Swantek, D. J. Duke, N. Sovis et al., Linking instantaneous rate of injection to X-ray needle lift measurements for a direct-acting piezoelectric injector, Energy Conversion and Management, pp.350-358, 2016.

A. B. Swantek, A. L. Kastengren, D. J. Duke, F. Z. Tilocco, N. Sovis et al., Quantification of Shot-to-Shot Variation in Single Hole Diesel Injectors, SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, vol.8, issue.1, pp.160-166, 2015.
DOI : 10.4271/2015-01-0936

D. J. Duke, A. B. Swantek, N. Sovis, Z. Tilocco, and C. F. Powell, Time-resolved X-ray Tomography of Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays, SAE International Journal of Engines, vol.9, issue.1, pp.495-2015, 2015.
DOI : 10.4271/2015-01-1873

T. Li, S. Moon, K. Sato, and H. Yokohata, A comprehensive study on the factors affecting near-nozzle spray dynamics of multi-hole GDI injectors, Fuel, vol.190, pp.1-11, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.009

A. L. Kastengren, F. Z. Tilocco, C. Powell, J. Manin, L. M. Pickett et al., ENGINE COMBUSTION NETWORK (ECN): MEASUREMENTS OF NOZZLE GEOMETRY AND HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR, Atomization and Sprays, vol.22, issue.12, pp.1011-1052, 2012.
DOI : 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2013006309

M. L. Glodowski, D. J. Michalek, L. W. Evers, and F. , The Use of Results from Computational Fluid Dynamic Fuel Injector Modeling to Predict Spray Characteristics, SAE Technical Paper Series, p.961191, 1996.
DOI : 10.4271/961191

T. Luccini, G. Derrico, and N. Nordin, CFD Modelling of Gasoline Sprays, SAE Technical Paper Series, p.2005, 2005.
DOI : 10.4271/2005-24-086

B. Befrui, G. Corbinelli, M. D. Onofrio, D. Varble, and . Multi, Hole Injector Internal Flow and Spray Analysis, SAE 2015, pp.2011-2012, 2011.
DOI : 10.4271/2011-01-1211

]. K. Saha, S. Som, M. Battistoni, Y. Li, S. Quan et al., Modeling of Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow for a GDI Fuel Injector, Volume 2: Emissions Control Systems; Instrumentation, Controls, and Hybrids; Numerical Simulation; Engine Design and Mechanical Development, p.510, 2015.
DOI : 10.1115/ICEF2015-1112

M. Moulai, R. Grover, S. Parrish, and D. Schmidt, Internal and Near-Nozzle Flow in a Multi-Hole Gasoline Injector Under Flashing and Non-Flashing Conditions, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2015-2016, 2015.
DOI : 10.4271/2015-01-0944

D. J. Duke, D. P. Schmidt, K. Neroorkar, A. L. Kastengren, and C. Powell, High-resolution large eddy simulations of cavitating gasoline???ethanol blends, International Journal of Engine Research, vol.14, issue.6, pp.578-589, 2013.
DOI : 10.1107/S0909049512016883

E. T. Baldwin, D. P. Schmidt, R. O. Grover, S. E. Parrish, D. J. Duke et al., String flash-boiling in gasoline direction injection simulations with transient needle motion, Int J Multiphas Flow
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.09.004

R. Payri, J. Gimeno, P. Marti-aldaravi, and D. Vaquerizo, INTERNAL FLOW CHARACTERIZATION ON AN ECN GDi INJECTOR, Atomization and Sprays, vol.26, issue.9, p.520
DOI : 10.1615/AtomizSpr.2015013930

D. L. Hung, D. L. Harrington, A. H. Gandhi, L. E. Markle, S. E. Parrish et al., Gasoline Fuel Injector Spray Measurement and Characterization - A New SAE J2715 Recommended Practice, SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, vol.1, issue.1, pp.534-548, 2008.
DOI : 10.4271/2008-01-1068

A. Kastengren, C. F. Powell, D. Arms, E. M. Dufresne, H. Gibson et al., The 7BM beamline at the APS: a facility for time-resolved fluid dynamics measurements, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol.14, issue.4, pp.654-657, 2012.
DOI : 10.1107/S0909049506050205

D. Gursoy, F. De-carlo, X. Xiao, and C. Jacobsen, TomoPy: a framework for the analysis of synchrotron??tomographic data, Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, vol.8506, issue.5, pp.1188-1193, 2014.
DOI : 10.1117/12.930022

J. Duran, B. Coll, C. Sbert, T. Fogal, and J. Krüger, Chambolle's Projection Algorithm for Total Variation Denoising, Proceedings of the 15th International Workshop on Vision, Modeling, and Visualization, pp.311-331, 2013.
DOI : 10.5201/ipol.2013.61

URL : https://doi.org/10.5201/ipol.2013.61

Q. Shen, W. Lee, K. Fezzaa, Y. S. Chu, F. De-carlo et al., Dedicated full-field X-ray imaging beamline at Advanced Photon Source, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.582, issue.1, pp.535-77, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.169

D. J. Duke, A. Swantek, Z. Tilocco, A. Kastengren, K. Fezzaa et al., X-ray Imaging of Cavitation in Diesel Injectors, SAE International Journal of Engines, vol.7, issue.2, pp.1003-1016, 2014.
DOI : 10.4271/2014-01-1404

J. P. Viera, R. Payri, A. B. Swantek, D. J. Duke, N. Sovis et al., Linking instantaneous rate of injection to X-ray needle lift measurements for a direct-acting piezoelectric injector, Energy Conversion 540 and Management, pp.350-358, 2016.

J. Manin, A. Kastengren, and R. Payri, Understanding the Acoustic Oscillations Observed in the Injection Rate of a Common-Rail DI Diesel Injector, ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, pp.379-391, 2012.
DOI : 10.1115/ICES2012-81223

S. Moon, K. Komada, K. Sato, H. Yokohata, Y. Wada et al., Ultrafast X-ray study of multi-hole GDI injector sprays: Effects of nozzle hole length and number on initial spray formation, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, vol.68, pp.68-68, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.03.027

E. T. Baldwin, R. O. Grover-jr, S. E. Parrish, D. J. Duke, K. E. Matusik et al., String flash-boiling in gasoline direct injection simulations with transient needle motion, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, vol.87, pp.90-101, 2016.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2016.09.004

A. L. Kastengren, C. Powell, Y. Wang, K. S. Im, and J. Wang, X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY MEASUREMENTS OF DIESEL SPRAY STRUCTURE AT ENGINE-LIKE AMBIENT DENSITY, Proceedings of the ILASS-Americas 21st Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2008.
DOI : 10.1615/AtomizSpr.v19.i11.30

W. M. Pitts, Effects of global density ratio on the centerline mixing behavior of axisymmetric turbulent jets, Experiments in Fluids, vol.19, issue.2-3, p.555
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2509(64)85066-1

D. Siebers, Scaling Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays Based on Mixing-Limited Vaporization, SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0528

D. J. Duke, A. B. Swantek, A. L. Kastengren, D. Gursoy, T. Bicer et al., Video media: X-ray tomography of multi-hole gasoline direct injectors, accessed Feb, p.2016, 2016.

P. Strek, D. J. Duke, A. Swantek, A. L. Kastengren, and C. Powell, X-Ray Radiography and CFD Studies of the Spray G Injector, SAE Technical Paper Series, pp.2016-2017, 2016.
DOI : 10.4271/2016-01-0858

K. Saha, S. Som, M. Battistoni, Y. Li, S. Quan et al., Numerical simulation of internal and near-nozzle flow of a gasoline direct injection fuel injector, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol.656, pp.656-012100, 2015.
DOI : 10.1088/1742-6596/656/1/012100

]. K. Saha, S. Som, M. Battistoni, Y. Li, E. Pomraning et al., Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Evolution of In- and Near-Nozzle Regions of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine During Needle Transients, SAE International Journal of Engines, vol.9, issue.2, pp.565-1230, 2016.
DOI : 10.4271/2016-01-0870

L. Itani, G. Bruneaux, L. Hermant, and C. Shulz, Investigation of the Mixing Process and the Fuel Mass Concentration Fields for a Gasoline Direct-Injection Spray at ECN Spray G Conditions and Variants, SAE Technical Paper Series
DOI : 10.4271/2015-01-1902